The CDC recommends wearing a face mask when in an indoor public setting. It is especially important for people in high risk groups, such as those with chronic conditions or older adults.
A reusable face mask can provide effective and reliable protection. It should have a high filtration capacity, an adjustable pinch nose bridge, and elastic ear loops that fit comfortably around the nose and ears (see Reference).
Reusable masks should be produced using low-impact technologies, such as recyclability and/or renewable energy. Moreover, they should be fabricated using materials with a lower environmental footprint, such as cotton that is rain-fed or organically grown. In addition, reusable masks should be designed to be machine-washable.
TiO2 particles in reusable face masks
Fiber-grade titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a known human carcinogen when inhaled and has been identified in several single use and reusable face masks intended for the general population. In STEM-EDX images, near-spherical TiO2 particles were observed in the synthetic textile fibers of reusable face masks, with median sizes ranging from 89 to 184 nm.
The high occurrence of disposable face masks in urbanised areas, hospitals and parking lots during the COVID-19 pandemic was also found in natural environments, such as beaches and riverine sediments (Table 1). In Mombasa, masks were more frequently distributed on recreational beaches than in Kwale.